{ "CFDocument": { "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "creator": "Vikram Maram", "title": "Open Misconceptions", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "officialSourceURL": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data", "publisher": "Vikram Maram", "description": "A public catalogue of misconceptions with stable IDs. One CFItem per misconception; humanCodingScheme carries the miscon: identifier.", "subject": [ "Mathematics", "programming" ], "language": "en", "version": "0.2.0", "adoptionStatus": "Draft", "licenseURI": { "title": "CC-BY-4.0", "identifier": "64fac20b-29a7-5696-abae-f982a40661d5", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFLicenses/64fac20b-29a7-5696-abae-f982a40661d5" }, "notes": "Generated from records/ by miscon export case. 58 records.", "CFPackageURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFPackages/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" } }, "CFItems": [ { "identifier": "741d1141-8e68-574f-9c2c-b765359bd96a", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/741d1141-8e68-574f-9c2c-b765359bd96a", "fullStatement": "Mathematics", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math", "CFItemType": "Domain", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Domain", "identifier": "372a42f4-50b3-5fee-a4c3-87ba08767ef9", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/372a42f4-50b3-5fee-a4c3-87ba08767ef9" }, "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" } }, { "identifier": "2d6bb8e2-109a-53a2-a445-bad5e1c2899d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/2d6bb8e2-109a-53a2-a445-bad5e1c2899d", "fullStatement": "programming", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming", "CFItemType": "Domain", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Domain", "identifier": "372a42f4-50b3-5fee-a4c3-87ba08767ef9", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/372a42f4-50b3-5fee-a4c3-87ba08767ef9" }, "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" } }, { "identifier": "b9976592-9045-4327-8b17-485c7114d359", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/b9976592-9045-4327-8b17-485c7114d359", "fullStatement": "A decimal with more digits after the point is a larger number, because the digits after the point make a bigger whole number.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Longer decimal is larger", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.decimals.longer-is-larger", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'compare two decimals where the shorter is larger', chooses the decimal with more digits after the point. Example: Which is larger, 0.5 or 0.25? -> 0.25 (expected 0.5).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "e3685617-2ee2-41c1-875f-5e0d835be18f", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/e3685617-2ee2-41c1-875f-5e0d835be18f", "fullStatement": "A decimal with fewer digits after the point is a larger number, because more digits mean smaller pieces, like a fraction with a bigger denominator.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Shorter decimal is larger", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.decimals.shorter-is-larger", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'compare two decimals where the longer decimal is larger', chooses the decimal with fewer digits after the point. Example: Which is larger, 0.85 or 0.8? -> 0.8 (expected 0.85).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "20f1dd60-ea8a-4e14-ab41-12addc94b751", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/20f1dd60-ea8a-4e14-ab41-12addc94b751", "fullStatement": "Fractions are added by adding the numerators together and adding the denominators together.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Adding fractions across numerators and denominators", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.add-across", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: reviewed. trust: high. Evidence: on 'add two fractions with unlike denominators', response numerator = a + c and response denominator = b + d for a/b + c/d, with no attempt at a common denominator. Example: 1/2 + 1/3 -> 2/5 (expected 5/6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "434a29b0-8c52-4db3-a2d6-81c86e5e5d6c", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/434a29b0-8c52-4db3-a2d6-81c86e5e5d6c", "fullStatement": "To add fractions you add the numerators and keep the denominator, whichever denominator is written, because the denominator is just a label that does not take part in the sum.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Adding numerators and keeping one denominator", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.add-numerators-keep-denominator", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'add two fractions with unlike denominators', response numerator = a + c; response denominator is one of the given denominators (usually the first or the larger), with no conversion of the addends. Example: 1/2 + 1/3 -> 2/3 (expected 5/6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "692fc169-3842-429b-bf5a-36be6eb6e910", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/692fc169-3842-429b-bf5a-36be6eb6e910", "fullStatement": "To add a whole number and a fraction you add the whole number to the numerator.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Adding a whole number to the numerator", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.add-whole-to-numerator", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: procedural-bug. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'add a whole number and a proper fraction', adds the whole number to the numerator and keeps the denominator. Example: 2 + 1/3 = ? -> 3/3 (= 1) (expected 2 1/3 (= 7/3)).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "1288d189-d36c-4a7d-925d-62c88196a161", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/1288d189-d36c-4a7d-925d-62c88196a161", "fullStatement": "The fraction with the bigger denominator is the bigger fraction, because the denominator is a bigger number.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Bigger denominator means bigger fraction", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.bigger-denominator-bigger-fraction", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'compare two unit fractions', picks the unit fraction with the larger denominator as larger; on 1/b vs 1/d chooses the one with the larger b. Example: Which is larger, 1/3 or 1/8? -> 1/8 (expected 1/3).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "9b81e6e0-ad37-42aa-9494-bc6892e7140b", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/9b81e6e0-ad37-42aa-9494-bc6892e7140b", "fullStatement": "A fraction is simplified by crossing out a digit that appears in both the numerator and the denominator.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Cancelling matching digits", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.cancel-matching-digits", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: notation-confusion. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'simplify a fraction whose numerator and denominator share a digit', deletes the shared digit from both numbers. Example: Simplify 12/24 -> 1/4 (cancelling the 2s) (expected 1/2).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "06", "07", "08", "09", "10" ] }, { "identifier": "c2797bf8-5aff-4019-98c3-3462a3c42f71", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/c2797bf8-5aff-4019-98c3-3462a3c42f71", "fullStatement": "The size of a fraction is decided by how many pieces are missing from the whole; fractions with the same gap between numerator and denominator are equal.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Comparing fractions by the gap between numerator and denominator", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.compare-by-gap", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'compare two fractions with the same numerator-denominator gap', declares the fractions equal because each is the same number of pieces short of one whole. Example: Which is larger, 5/6 or 7/8? -> They are the same (expected 7/8).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "210d5db3-daa8-49be-aaf9-aa453ea6b234", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/210d5db3-daa8-49be-aaf9-aa453ea6b234", "fullStatement": "To compare two fractions you compare the numerators and the denominators as whole numbers; a fraction with bigger numbers is a bigger fraction.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Comparing fractions by their whole-number parts", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.compare-whole-number-components", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'compare two fractions where the larger fraction has the smaller numerator and denominator', chooses the fraction whose numerator and denominator are both larger. Example: Which is larger, 4/5 or 5/9? -> 5/9 (expected 4/5).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "10" ] }, { "identifier": "fef262fa-6980-416d-bd92-851b64e59458", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/fef262fa-6980-416d-bd92-851b64e59458", "fullStatement": "To multiply two fractions you multiply diagonally: the first numerator by the second denominator over the first denominator by the second numerator.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Cross-multiplying to multiply fractions", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.cross-multiply-to-multiply", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: procedural-bug. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'multiply two proper fractions', product numerator = a x d and product denominator = b x c for a/b x c/d. Example: 2/3 x 4/5 = ? -> 10/12 (expected 8/15).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "06", "07", "08", "09", "10" ] }, { "identifier": "78a649f3-688d-49a2-a85c-7be491860757", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/78a649f3-688d-49a2-a85c-7be491860757", "fullStatement": "In a division the bigger number must be divided by the smaller number, so if the divisor is bigger the two numbers should be swapped.", "abbreviatedStatement": "You can only divide a larger number by a smaller one", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.divide-larger-by-smaller", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'divide a fraction by a larger whole number', swaps dividend and divisor so that the larger number is divided by the smaller. Example: 1/2 / 3 = ? -> 6 (expected 1/6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "AE" ] }, { "identifier": "72884d31-1a9a-418f-92ee-f073eef02008", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/72884d31-1a9a-418f-92ee-f073eef02008", "fullStatement": "Dividing always gives a result smaller than the number you started with, so dividing by a fraction cannot make a number bigger.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Division always makes smaller", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.divide-makes-smaller", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict whether a quotient will be larger or smaller than the dividend, without calculating', predicts the quotient of a number divided by a proper fraction is smaller than the number. Example: Without calculating, is 6 / 1/2 more or less than 6? -> Less (expected More (it is 12)).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "AE" ] }, { "identifier": "50e4d120-cd01-49b2-95e6-5ec8df0762d1", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/50e4d120-cd01-49b2-95e6-5ec8df0762d1", "fullStatement": "Dividing means sharing a quantity equally among a number of people, so a division by a fraction has no meaning and must be a mistake or a different operation.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Division of fractions only means sharing", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.division-is-sharing-only", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: undergeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'choose the operation for a measurement-division word problem', rejects division and multiplies or divides by the wrong number, because 'you can't share among half a person'. Example: How many 1/2-cup servings are in 3 cups? -> 3 / 2 = 1.5 (or 3 x 2 = 6 'because it can't be division') (expected 3 / 1/2 = 6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "AE" ] }, { "identifier": "5aadfc6d-33f3-4336-908b-02c278e40508", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/5aadfc6d-33f3-4336-908b-02c278e40508", "fullStatement": "You get an equivalent fraction by adding the same number to the numerator and the denominator, or by subtracting the same number from both.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Equivalent fractions by adding the same number", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.equivalence-additive", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'complete an equivalent fraction with a given denominator', adds the difference in denominators to the numerator. Example: 2/3 = ?/6 -> 5/6 (expected 4/6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "fb3c3db0-26d5-4aba-a7ea-c9ce84089d88", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/fb3c3db0-26d5-4aba-a7ea-c9ce84089d88", "fullStatement": "A fraction is written as a decimal by putting its numerator, or its denominator, after the decimal point.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Writing a fraction as a decimal by copying its digits", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.fraction-decimal-digit-copy", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: notation-confusion. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'convert a unit fraction to a decimal', writes 0.. Example: Write 1/4 as a decimal -> 0.4 (expected 0.25).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "5211ad46-cba5-4c3d-92ff-9fa79d9ed753", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/5211ad46-cba5-4c3d-92ff-9fa79d9ed753", "fullStatement": "A fraction is always part of one whole, so the numerator can never be bigger than the denominator and a fraction can never be greater than 1.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A fraction cannot be more than one whole", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.improper-impossible", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: undergeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'add two proper fractions whose sum exceeds one', adjusts the result so it stays below or equal to one. Example: 3/4 + 3/4 = ? -> 6/8 (or 1) (expected 6/4 (= 1 1/2)).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "aa675277-3fb6-44fe-aad9-20dacc62d775", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/aa675277-3fb6-44fe-aad9-20dacc62d775", "fullStatement": "To divide fractions you flip both fractions and then multiply.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Inverting both fractions when dividing", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.invert-both", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: procedural-bug. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'divide two proper fractions', inverts both dividend and divisor and multiplies. Example: 1/2 / 3/4 = ? -> 8/3 (expected 2/3).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "AE" ] }, { "identifier": "33e03294-fca9-4bef-92bc-386f55ec81de", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/33e03294-fca9-4bef-92bc-386f55ec81de", "fullStatement": "To divide fractions you flip the first fraction and then multiply.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Inverting the first fraction when dividing", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.invert-dividend", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: procedural-bug. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'divide two proper fractions', inverts the dividend instead of the divisor and multiplies. Example: 1/2 / 3/4 = ? -> 6/4 (= 3/2) (expected 2/3).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "AE" ] }, { "identifier": "be94771a-f7b8-4af6-acb3-a3fe723a0d20", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/be94771a-f7b8-4af6-acb3-a3fe723a0d20", "fullStatement": "To write a mixed number as an improper fraction you add the whole number to the numerator and keep the denominator.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Converting a mixed number by adding all its numbers", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.mixed-to-improper-add-all", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: procedural-bug. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'convert a mixed number to an improper fraction', numerator = whole + numerator; denominator unchanged. Example: Write 2 1/3 as an improper fraction -> 3/3 (expected 7/3).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "04246969-9c77-41b0-a67b-b48be9b2f5a3", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/04246969-9c77-41b0-a67b-b48be9b2f5a3", "fullStatement": "Multiplying always gives a result larger than the number you started with, so multiplying by a fraction cannot make a number smaller.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Multiplication always makes bigger", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.multiply-makes-bigger", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict whether a product will be larger or smaller than a factor, without calculating', predicts the product of a number and a proper fraction is larger than the number. Example: Without calculating, is 8 x 3/4 more or less than 8? -> More (expected Less).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "AE" ] }, { "identifier": "89ca96fb-84d7-4b24-a0f0-c24cf282e25c", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/89ca96fb-84d7-4b24-a0f0-c24cf282e25c", "fullStatement": "To multiply mixed numbers you multiply the whole numbers together and the fractions together and put the two results back together.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Multiplying mixed numbers part by part", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.multiply-mixed-parts-separately", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: procedural-bug. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'multiply two mixed numbers', product = (whole x whole) and (fraction x fraction) written as a mixed number; the cross terms are dropped. Example: 2 1/2 x 3 1/3 = ? -> 6 1/6 (expected 8 1/3).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "116cbd32-81bd-4fbb-b5b2-31a47ff576b4", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/116cbd32-81bd-4fbb-b5b2-31a47ff576b4", "fullStatement": "Before multiplying fractions you must write them with a common denominator, then multiply the numerators and keep the denominator.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Multiplying needs a common denominator", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.multiply-with-common-denominator", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'multiply two fractions with unlike denominators', converts to a common denominator, multiplies numerators and keeps the common denominator. Example: 1/2 x 1/3 = ? -> 3/6 x 2/6 = 6/6 = 1 (expected 1/6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "a18f0879-fc85-4c07-8da5-d1e68e72c460", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/a18f0879-fc85-4c07-8da5-d1e68e72c460", "fullStatement": "Fractions come one after another like whole numbers, so between two fractions that are 'next to each other' there is no other number.", "abbreviatedStatement": "No number between neighbouring fractions", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.no-number-between", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'ask how many numbers lie between two fractions', answers none, or a small finite count found by listing. Example: How many numbers are there between 1/5 and 2/5? -> None (expected Infinitely many).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "06", "07", "08", "09", "10" ] }, { "identifier": "fb647fd2-a6ef-40a4-a0ac-abd0d497e750", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/fb647fd2-a6ef-40a4-a0ac-abd0d497e750", "fullStatement": "On a number line the fraction refers to the whole line drawn, so 1/2 is at the middle of the line wherever the line ends.", "abbreviatedStatement": "The whole line is the whole", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.number-line-whole-is-line", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'place a fraction on a number line longer than one unit', places the fraction at that fraction of the whole drawn segment rather than of the unit interval. Example: Mark 1/2 on a number line from 0 to 3 -> at 1 1/2, the middle of the line (expected halfway between 0 and 1).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "721c3f30-4b4e-4ffb-ac77-3433d1a18164", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/721c3f30-4b4e-4ffb-ac77-3433d1a18164", "fullStatement": "To find a/b of a quantity you divide the quantity by a and multiply by b.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Swapping numerator and denominator when finding a fraction of a quantity", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.of-quantity-swap-roles", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: procedural-bug. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'find a non-unit fraction of a whole-number quantity', divides by the numerator and multiplies by the denominator. Example: Find 3/4 of 20 -> 26 2/3 (20 / 3 x 4) (expected 15).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "15a57c88-bbde-47b3-bd0d-6771a62e6cec", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/15a57c88-bbde-47b3-bd0d-6771a62e6cec", "fullStatement": "A fraction compares the shaded part with the unshaded part, so the number of shaded pieces goes on top and the number of unshaded pieces goes underneath.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Writing the shaded part over the unshaded part", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.part-to-part", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: notation-confusion. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'name the fraction shaded in a shape divided into equal parts', writes shaded/unshaded instead of shaded/total. Example: A bar is cut into 5 equal parts and 3 are shaded. What fraction is shaded? -> 3/2 (expected 3/5).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "K" ] }, { "identifier": "f9b8d0fd-1f46-47ac-8fc7-d4923e7ef2c8", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/f9b8d0fd-1f46-47ac-8fc7-d4923e7ef2c8", "fullStatement": "Fractions are subtracted by subtracting the numerators and subtracting the denominators.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Subtracting fractions across numerators and denominators", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.subtract-across", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'subtract two fractions with unlike denominators', difference numerator = a - c and difference denominator = b - d for a/b - c/d. Example: 3/4 - 1/2 = ? -> 2/2 (= 1) (expected 1/4).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "dd52364b-0b0d-4ab8-a0f5-51bcb845f7fc", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/dd52364b-0b0d-4ab8-a0f5-51bcb845f7fc", "fullStatement": "A fraction is two whole numbers written one above the other, not a single number with its own size; the numerator and denominator can be read and handled separately.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A fraction is two separate whole numbers", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.two-whole-numbers", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'place a fraction on a number line marked 0 to 10', places the fraction at the numerator, the denominator, or their sum. Example: Mark 3/4 on a number line from 0 to 10 -> at 3 (or at 4, or at 7) (expected between 0 and 1, three quarters of the way).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08" ] }, { "identifier": "e7a0875c-e339-4404-9f39-1f73cfe9206f", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/e7a0875c-e339-4404-9f39-1f73cfe9206f", "fullStatement": "If a shape is cut into b pieces, each piece is one b-th of the shape, whether or not the pieces are the same size.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Any part of a shape cut into b pieces is 1/b", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:math.fractions.unequal-parts", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'name the fraction shaded in a shape divided into unequal parts', counts pieces and writes shaded/total, ignoring the sizes of the pieces. Example: A rectangle is cut into 4 pieces of different sizes; the largest is shaded. What fraction is shaded? -> 1/4 (expected Cannot tell from the count; it is more than 1/4).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "01", "02", "03", "04", "05", "K" ] }, { "identifier": "c14aea0d-dc29-4cdc-9e08-bde06dfa0014", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/c14aea0d-dc29-4cdc-9e08-bde06dfa0014", "fullStatement": "An array gets bigger by itself when you store something past its end, so its size does not need to be decided in advance.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Arrays grow when you add to them", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.arrays.arrays-grow", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict a write one past the end of an array', predicts the array now has one more element. Example: int[] a = new int[3];\na[3] = 7;\nSystem.out.println(a.length); -> 4 (expected ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "38f22ed3-8b31-4032-9be3-581599629ee5", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/38f22ed3-8b31-4032-9be3-581599629ee5", "fullStatement": "You get the length of an array by calling a method on it, in the same way as for a string or a list.", "abbreviatedStatement": "An array's length is a method call", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.arrays.length-is-a-method", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: notation-confusion. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'write the length of an array', writes length() or size() on an array. Example: Given int[] a, write an expression for its length. -> a.length() (or a.size()) (expected a.length).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "1e4090f5-0d1e-4bf3-af12-7671e11aaf09", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/1e4090f5-0d1e-4bf3-af12-7671e11aaf09", "fullStatement": "A boolean variable or expression cannot be used directly as a condition; it has to be compared with true or false first, and a comparison is the only thing that produces a condition.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A boolean must be compared with true to be used as a condition", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.booleans.must-compare-with-literal", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: undergeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'write a condition from a boolean variable', writes == true (or == True) and cannot explain what if done: alone would do. Example: done is a boolean. Write the condition for 'if done'. -> if done == True: (expected if done:).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "835a754e-f33f-4ab3-88a1-2cc87dc58918", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/835a754e-f33f-4ab3-88a1-2cc87dc58918", "fullStatement": "A logical and or or always evaluates both of its operands, whatever the first one turns out to be.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Both operands of and/or are always evaluated", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.booleans.no-short-circuit", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: undergeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict whether a guarded expression raises an error', predicts an error from the second operand even though the first operand decides the result. Example: items = []\nif len(items) > 0 and items[0] == 'x':\n print('yes')\nelse:\n print('no') -> IndexError (expected no).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "7e5b6c85-5df3-4013-8746-0f18576e8b5a", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/7e5b6c85-5df3-4013-8746-0f18576e8b5a", "fullStatement": "In an if-else statement the if branch runs when the condition is true and then the else branch runs afterwards as well, because it comes next in the code.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Both branches of an if-else run in turn", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.control.conditional-is-sequence", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace an if-else where the condition is true', reports the effects of both branches. Example: x = 5\nif x > 0:\n print('positive')\nelse:\n print('not positive') -> positive\nnot positive (expected positive).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "aa78ad26-c8b4-4d72-8e2f-84a48c0efed1", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/aa78ad26-c8b4-4d72-8e2f-84a48c0efed1", "fullStatement": "The body of an if statement keeps running for as long as the condition is true, like a while loop.", "abbreviatedStatement": "An if statement repeats while its condition holds", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.control.if-is-loop", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace an if statement whose body keeps its condition true', predicts repeated execution of the body. Example: x = 0\nif x < 3:\n x = x + 1\nprint(x) -> 3 (expected 1).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "300e50db-d430-4eaa-928f-d34e302f6c48", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/300e50db-d430-4eaa-928f-d34e302f6c48", "fullStatement": "Every time a loop body starts again, the variables changed inside it go back to what they were before the loop.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Variables reset at the start of every loop iteration", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.control.loop-body-variables-reset", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace an accumulator updated inside a loop', reports the value from a single iteration rather than the accumulated value. Example: total = 0\nfor n in [1, 2, 3]:\n total = total + n\nprint(total) -> 3 (expected 6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "8ed015e5-884f-4e76-91d6-2d5f339b2392", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/8ed015e5-884f-4e76-91d6-2d5f339b2392", "fullStatement": "The condition of a while loop is watched continuously, so the loop exits in the middle of the body the moment the condition turns false.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A while loop stops the instant its condition becomes false", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.control.while-checked-continuously", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace a while loop whose condition becomes false partway through the body', stops the trace before the rest of the body runs on the final iteration. Example: i = 0\nwhile i < 2:\n i = i + 1\n print(i) -> 1 (expected 1\n2).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "a3989f3c-0cf8-4317-874b-f9b8fd9c12e2", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/a3989f3c-0cf8-4317-874b-f9b8fd9c12e2", "fullStatement": "Every line of a program is active at the same time, so a later line can affect what an earlier line did, and a condition anywhere is watched continuously.", "abbreviatedStatement": "All the statements in a program are active at once", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.execution.all-statements-active", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace a program where a later assignment would matter if it applied retroactively', applies the later value to the earlier output. Example: x = 1\nprint(x)\nx = 2 -> 2 (expected 1).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "0b67ef75-97f2-4e35-8de8-058b5a78261b", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/0b67ef75-97f2-4e35-8de8-058b5a78261b", "fullStatement": "The computer understands the purpose of the program and fills in steps that were left out, so a program does what you meant as long as the intention is clear.", "abbreviatedStatement": "The computer fills in what you meant", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.execution.computer-infers-intent", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict the output of a program with a missing step', predicts the intended output rather than the literal one. Example: numbers = [3, 1, 2]\nprint(numbers) # print sorted -> [1, 2, 3] (expected [3, 1, 2]).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "03", "04", "05", "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "e7df53b7-374a-4b33-86e9-3c2883c5374f", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/e7df53b7-374a-4b33-86e9-3c2883c5374f", "fullStatement": "The variable passed to a function has to have the same name as the parameter, or the function will not receive it.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Arguments are matched to parameters by name", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.functions.argument-name-must-match-parameter", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict the output of a call whose argument name differs from the parameter name', predicts an error or that the parameter is unset. Example: def show(n):\n print(n)\nvalue = 5\nshow(value) -> Error: n is not defined (or 'nothing') (expected 5).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "09dac977-0121-45e8-8a5c-0aa059faf59c", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/09dac977-0121-45e8-8a5c-0aa059faf59c", "fullStatement": "A recursive function stops calling itself when there is nothing left to do, so it does not need an explicit base case.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A recursive function stops by itself", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.functions.base-case-not-needed", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict the behaviour of a recursive function with no base case', predicts termination with a sensible answer. Example: def count_down(n):\n print(n)\n count_down(n - 1)\ncount_down(3) -> 3 2 1 (expected 3 2 1 0 -1 ... until the recursion limit is hit).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "06", "07", "08", "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "ba72c8c8-9a30-4f6a-9c9f-50370cde1a2f", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/ba72c8c8-9a30-4f6a-9c9f-50370cde1a2f", "fullStatement": "return a, b sends back two separate values, so the caller receives two things rather than one tuple.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A function can return several separate values", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.functions.multiple-return-values", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: undergeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict the type of a call that returns a comma-separated list', predicts two values, or that the second is lost, rather than one tuple. Example: def f():\n return 1, 2\nx = f()\nprint(type(x)) -> int (or 'error, two values into one variable') (expected ).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "7e500e88-daa7-49cb-a8f4-d0e0d6a62db0", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/7e500e88-daa7-49cb-a8f4-d0e0d6a62db0", "fullStatement": "A parameter is the same variable as the argument that was passed in, so assigning to the parameter inside the function changes the caller's variable, even for numbers and strings.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Changing a parameter changes the caller's variable", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.functions.parameters-alias-arguments", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace a function that reassigns a primitive parameter', reports the caller's variable as changed. Example: def bump(n):\n n = n + 1\nx = 1\nbump(x)\nprint(x) -> 2 (expected 1).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "c75e0b4a-c9c4-41af-af83-a095635ace63", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/c75e0b4a-c9c4-41af-af83-a095635ace63", "fullStatement": "A function gives its result back by printing it, so a function that prints its answer can be used in an expression, and return is just another way to display.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Printing a value is the same as returning it", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.functions.print-is-return", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'use the result of a function that prints instead of returning', expects the printed value to be available to the caller. Example: def double(n):\n print(n * 2)\nx = double(4)\nprint(x + 1) -> 9 (expected 8 then TypeError (x is None)).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "fee3c932-6d7c-4816-aab9-c1dfe916ef15", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/fee3c932-6d7c-4816-aab9-c1dfe916ef15", "fullStatement": "A recursive call is a jump back to the beginning of the function, using the same variables, so there is only ever one copy of the function running.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A recursive call jumps back to the start", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.functions.recursion-as-loop", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace a recursive function that does work after the recursive call', omits or misorders the work done after each call returns. Example: def show(n):\n if n == 0:\n return\n show(n - 1)\n print(n)\nshow(3) -> 3 2 1 (or nothing, or 1 only) (expected 1\n2\n3).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "bf369c82-773c-4072-950c-55b6d9464684", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/bf369c82-773c-4072-950c-55b6d9464684", "fullStatement": "Assigning one object variable to another makes a second, independent copy of the object, so changing one does not affect the other.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Assigning an object makes a copy", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.objects.assignment-copies-object", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace a mutation through an aliased object', reports the other variable's object as unchanged. Example: a = [1, 2]\nb = a\nb.append(3)\nprint(a) -> [1, 2] (expected [1, 2, 3]).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "371c613b-da3c-49d9-917e-3758758a1a81", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/371c613b-da3c-49d9-917e-3758758a1a81", "fullStatement": "Declaring an object variable final or const makes the object it refers to unchangeable, so its fields or elements cannot be modified.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A constant reference means an unchangeable object", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.objects.constant-reference-is-immutable", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict a mutation through a final/const reference', predicts an error. Example: const items = [1, 2];\nitems.push(3);\nconsole.log(items); -> TypeError (or 'not allowed') (expected [1, 2, 3]).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "82998d6e-dc24-425a-984e-e60d6a3b1de6", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/82998d6e-dc24-425a-984e-e60d6a3b1de6", "fullStatement": "A constructor creates the object and has to return it at the end, so a constructor without a return statement produces nothing.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A constructor must return the object", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.objects.constructor-returns-object", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'write a constructor', adds return this (or return self) at the end, or a return type to the constructor header. Example: Write a constructor for Point that stores x and y. -> Point Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; return this; } (expected Point(int x, int y) { this.x = x; this.y = y; }).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "23722159-9645-4246-a122-1d6ea3fd6ddf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/23722159-9645-4246-a122-1d6ea3fd6ddf", "fullStatement": "Comparing two object variables with == compares what is inside the objects, so two objects with the same field values are equal.", "abbreviatedStatement": "== compares the contents of objects", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.objects.equality-compares-contents", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict == on two distinct objects with equal contents', predicts true. Example: String a = new String(\"hi\");\nString b = new String(\"hi\");\nSystem.out.println(a == b); -> true (expected false).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "d4a1fd15-44b9-4752-b086-b9a07a1e7ae7", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/d4a1fd15-44b9-4752-b086-b9a07a1e7ae7", "fullStatement": "An object variable contains the object itself, not a reference to it, so every variable is its own object and passing it around passes the object.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A variable contains the whole object", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.objects.variables-hold-objects", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'draw or describe memory after two variables refer to one object', draws two separate objects, one inside each variable. Example: p = Point(1, 2)\nq = p\nDraw p and q. -> Two boxes, each containing a Point(1, 2) (expected Two variables, both pointing to one Point object).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "71cc8015-8e64-4cbf-aec0-1227ef5023f9", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/71cc8015-8e64-4cbf-aec0-1227ef5023f9", "fullStatement": "In an expression that mixes strings and numbers with +, the numbers are added together first and the string is attached afterwards.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Plus adds numbers before it concatenates", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.strings.plus-adds-before-concatenating", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict a left-to-right mixed concatenation', adds the numeric operands regardless of their position. Example: System.out.println(\"x\" + 1 + 2); -> x3 (expected x12).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "f884573f-e177-4865-9cbb-e334397e406a", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/f884573f-e177-4865-9cbb-e334397e406a", "fullStatement": "Dividing one whole number by another gives the exact mathematical result with a fractional part, whatever the types involved.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Dividing two integers gives a fraction", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.types.integer-division-gives-fraction", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict the result of integer division in a language that truncates', predicts the exact quotient. Example: int x = 7 / 2;\nSystem.out.println(x); -> 3.5 (expected 3).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "1d678f7e-ebf2-49bf-979f-eb433148cc0e", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/1d678f7e-ebf2-49bf-979f-eb433148cc0e", "fullStatement": "The equals sign in an assignment states that the two sides are equal, as in algebra, so x = x + 1 is a contradiction and a = b and b = a mean the same thing.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Assignment states an equation", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.variables.assignment-is-equation", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace an assignment whose right-hand side uses the variable being assigned', declares the statement impossible or leaves the variable unchanged. Example: x = 5\nx = x + 1\nWhat is x? -> 'Impossible, x can't equal x + 1' (or 5) (expected 6).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "AE", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "3c50552e-a1f7-4d39-b0e5-1e1673032c7b", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/3c50552e-a1f7-4d39-b0e5-1e1673032c7b", "fullStatement": "After a = b the two variables are connected, so whenever b changes later, a changes too.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Assignment links two variables", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.variables.assignment-links-variables", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace a change to the source variable after an assignment between primitives', reports the destination variable as having the source's new value. Example: a = 1\nb = a\na = 7\nWhat is b? -> 7 (expected 1).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "AE", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "55c0374e-b4f9-4b70-aef3-8d020d2c99c1", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/55c0374e-b4f9-4b70-aef3-8d020d2c99c1", "fullStatement": "Assigning a = b moves the value from b into a, so b is empty or zero afterwards.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Assignment moves the value out of the source", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.variables.assignment-moves-value", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace the source variable after an assignment', reports the source as empty, zero or undefined. Example: b = 4\na = b\nWhat is b? -> 0 (or 'nothing') (expected 4).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "AE", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "b34639bb-e7b4-400a-bd2a-ced15052078b", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/b34639bb-e7b4-400a-bd2a-ced15052078b", "fullStatement": "The name of a variable tells the computer what it is for, so a variable called total will add things up and one called largest will hold the biggest value.", "abbreviatedStatement": "The computer understands variable names", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.variables.names-meaningful-to-machine", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict the value of a descriptively named variable that is never updated', predicts the value the name suggests rather than the value assigned. Example: largest = 0\nfor n in [4, 9, 2]:\n pass\nprint(largest) -> 9 (expected 0).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "436c64f5-62ac-40c8-86f7-60b05c57c1de", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/436c64f5-62ac-40c8-86f7-60b05c57c1de", "fullStatement": "A variable that has been declared but never assigned holds zero, or an empty value, so it can be safely read or added to.", "abbreviatedStatement": "Uninitialised variables start at zero", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.variables.uninitialized-is-zero", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: overgeneralization. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'predict the outcome of reading a declared but unassigned local variable', predicts 0 or empty output rather than a compile error or garbage value. Example: int count;\ncount = count + 1;\nSystem.out.println(count); -> 1 (expected Compile error: count might not have been initialized).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] }, { "identifier": "1ee84937-cc32-4577-ae23-3d6e015807c3", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/1ee84937-cc32-4577-ae23-3d6e015807c3", "fullStatement": "A variable stores every value ever assigned to it, so an earlier value can still be read out later.", "abbreviatedStatement": "A variable remembers every value it has held", "humanCodingScheme": "miscon:programming.variables.variable-keeps-history", "CFItemType": "Misconception", "CFItemTypeURI": { "title": "Misconception", "identifier": "e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItemTypes/e1840afa-9737-50bc-a361-91aaf9c88fcf" }, "notes": "kind: misapplied-analogy. status: draft. trust: low. Evidence: on 'trace repeated assignment to one variable and then use it', uses an earlier value, or sums the values, instead of the most recent one. Example: x = 3\nx = 5\nprint(x) -> 3 5 (or 8) (expected 5).", "language": "en", "lastChangeDateTime": "2026-09-07T09:24:17Z", "CFDocumentURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFDocuments/9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d" }, "educationLevel": [ "09", "10", "UG" ] } ], "CFAssociations": [ { "identifier": "7ccbac91-b7db-5eaf-9b1a-7a2cf828d8a0", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFAssociations/7ccbac91-b7db-5eaf-9b1a-7a2cf828d8a0", "associationType": "isChildOf", "sequenceNumber": 1, "originNodeURI": { "title": "Mathematics", "identifier": "741d1141-8e68-574f-9c2c-b765359bd96a", "uri": "https://open-misconceptions.github.io/miscon-data/ims/case/v1p1/CFItems/741d1141-8e68-574f-9c2c-b765359bd96a" }, "destinationNodeURI": { "title": "Open Misconceptions", "identifier": "9f99c90b-2f58-5711-8df2-184d24b8610d", "uri": 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